Difference Between ZIFT And GIFT
Understand the difference between ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer) and GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) — two important Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for infertility treatment. Learn definitions, procedures, success rates, and clinical uses, with NEET-focused notes and diagrams. ZIFT and ZIFT are part of advanced reproductive medicine which helps couples to overcome challenges in natural conception.
- Overview of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
- What is ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer)?
- What is GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer)?
- Comparative Table – ZIFT vs GIFT
- ZIFT & GIFT NEET MCQs
- FAQs on ZIFT and GIFT
- Recommended Video On 'Difference Between ZIFT And GIFT'
In Class 12 CBSE Biology syllabus, they are also linked to the chapter Reproductive Health, highlighting their role in managing infertility. This article also explains each method, possible risks, and applications. Includes a comparative table, key exam points, and NEET MCQs with answers to make revision easier for medical entrance and board exam preparation.
Overview of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
One of the commonly used Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is In-vitro fertilisation (IVF). As its name suggests, it involves the fusion of male and female gametes outside the human body under strict laboratory conditions. The fusion results in a zygote and it is widely known as a test-tube baby. The embryo is then transferred to the uterus of the mother after culturing it. This procedure is performed when the fallopian tube of the mother is either non-functional or blocked.
What is ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer)?
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer or ZIFT is a specialised ART applied to treat infertility, when there are blockages in the fallopian tubes or unexplained reasons for infertility. In ZIFT, fertilisation occurs outside the body, in a petri dish, involving the sperm and eggs of the couple. After the zygote is produced, it is directly moved into the fallopian tube through a laparoscopic method.
Unlike IVF, where embryos are moved directly into the uterus, ZIFT allows the embryo to travel to the uterus using the natural passage, much like natural conception. As per the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, ZIFT has a success rate of approximately 22–26% per cycle, greater than that of GIFT because of proven fertilisation. Some basic steps are discussed below:
IVF: Eggs are isolated from a woman's ovary and are fertilised with sperm in the laboratory.
Zygote Formation: The fusion of sperm and ovum leads to the formation of a zygote.
Transfer to the fallopian tube: The zygote is then transferred to the fallopian tube using a catheter.
Success rate: Usually 30 to 40 per cent; however, it may vary according to age and other factors.
Ideal candidates: Women with either blockage or damage to the fallopian tubes.
What is GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer)?
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) is a form of ART where sperm and unfertilized eggs are inserted directly into a woman's fallopian tube. In ZIFT or IVF, fertilisation takes place naturally within the body, which is a closer approach to natural conception. GIFT is helpful in couples with unexplained infertility, irregularities in menstrual cycle, or minor male factor infertility. The treatment is performed through laparoscopy, typically after ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval.
Clinical statistics show that the pregnancy rate per cycle is around 21–23%. A little less than ZIFT because of the unreliability of in vivo fertilisation. Although its application has reduced with the advent of IVF. The procedure involves transferring ova and sperm into the fallopian tubes so fertilisation can take place naturally. Some of the major steps involved in the process are discussed below:
Collection of egg and sperm: Ova are collected from the ovaries, and sperm is collected from the male.
Direct transfer: Both the ova and the sperm are directly transferred into the fallopian tubes using a catheter.
Pregnancy rates: About 20-30%, depending on the female's age and cause of infertility.
Ideal candidates: Women having at least one normally functioning fallopian tube. Women with no severe infertility problems.
Comparative Table – ZIFT vs GIFT
ZIFT and GIFT are two reproductive technologies (ARTs) to treat infertile couples. Although both involve the transfer of reproductive cells into the fallopian tubes, the only difference is in the developmental stage at which the cells are being transferred. The table below discusses the important points on which ZIFT and GIFT differ from each other.
ZIFT | GIFT | |
Procedure Differences | IVF-based, zygote transferred to the fallopian tube | Direct transfer of eggs and sperm to the fallopian tube |
Success Rates | ~30-40% | ~20-30% |
Indications | Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes; previous ART failures | At least one functional fallopian tube; no severe male infertility |
Risks and Complications | Invasive, surgical risks, higher cost | Less invasive; potential for natural fertilisation complications |
ZIFT & GIFT NEET MCQs
Q1. What are the differences one can spot between ZIFT and GIFT?
GIFT involves the transfer of fertilized eggs, while ZIFT involves the transfer of gametes.
GIFT is a procedure of fertilization outside the body, while ZIFT is a procedure of fertilization inside the body.
GIFT can be used in cases where the woman has a damaged fallopian tube, while ZIFT cannot.
GIFT and ZIFT have the same success rates in terms of pregnancy rates.
Correct answer: 2) GIFT is a procedure of fertilization outside the body, while ZIFT is a procedure of fertilization inside the body
Explanation:
The major difference between GIFT and ZIFT is that GIFT is a procedure of fertilization outside the body, while ZIFT is a procedure of fertilization inside the body. In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are transferred into the fallopian tube, where fertilization occurs naturally, while in ZIFT, the fertilized eggs are transferred into the fallopian tube. GIFT requires a functioning fallopian tube, while ZIFT can be used in cases where the woman has a damaged fallopian tube. Both procedures have similar success rates in terms of pregnancy rates.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2) GIFT is a procedure of fertilization outside the body, while ZIFT is a procedure of fertilization inside the body.
Q2. Which technique from the options utilizes an in-vivo approach for the desired outcome?
ZIFT
GIFT
ICSI
IUT
Correct answer: 2) GIFT
Explanation:
GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) is a technique that utilizes an in-vivo approach. In GIFT, both the sperm and egg are collected and transferred directly into the fallopian tubes. This allows fertilization to occur naturally within the woman's body. It is an in-vivo procedure because the fertilization takes place inside the fallopian tubes, within the woman's reproductive system.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2) GIFT.
Q3. Choose the correct statement regarding the ZIFT procedure:
Ova collected from a female donor is transferred to the fallopian tube to facilitate zygote formation.
A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube.
A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus.
Ova is collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus.
Correct answer: 2) A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube
Explanation:
ZIFT is an advanced ART method aiming to achieve pregnancy. Here's a concise breakdown of the process:
1. Egg retrieval: Mature eggs are obtained from the female's ovaries through medical procedures.
2. Fertilization: Eggs are united with sperm in a lab to create a zygote.
3. Zygote transfer: The zygote is inserted into the fallopian tube within 24 hours post-fertilization using a special tool.
4. Natural progression: The zygote moves to the uterus, potentially leading to successful implantation and fetal development.
Key aspects:
- ZIFT merges IVF and natural implantation.
- Zygote transfer occurs earlier compared to IVF's embryo transfer to the uterus.
When is ZIFT employed?
- Infertility with at least one functioning fallopian tube.
- Unexplained infertility after IUI treatments fail.
Limitations to note:
- Requires operational fallopian tubes for zygote transport to the uterus.
- More invasive than standard IVF due to surgical transfer.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2) A zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube.
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FAQs on ZIFT and GIFT
Define ZIFT.
ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) used to treat infertility, especially when fallopian tubes are blocked or damaged. In this process, eggs are collected from the woman’s ovary and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory (IVF). The resulting zygote is then transferred into the woman’s fallopian tube through laparoscopy. This allows the zygote to travel naturally to the uterus for implantation, similar to natural conception.
Define GIFT.
GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) is an ART method where unfertilised eggs and sperm are directly placed into the woman’s fallopian tube through laparoscopy. Fertilisation occurs naturally inside the body. It is useful for couples with unexplained infertility or minor male infertility. The given condition is that women should have at least one healthy fallopian tube.
What is the main difference between ZIFT and GIFT?
The main difference is in the stage of transfer. In ZIFT, a fertilised zygote is transferred into the fallopian tube, while in GIFT, unfertilised eggs and sperm are transferred together for in vivo fertilisation. ZIFT ensures proven fertilisation before transfer, whereas GIFT relies on natural fertilisation inside the body. ZIFT is used when fallopian tubes are blocked whereas GIFT is used when, at least one fallopian tube is without any blockage
What is the success rate of ZIFT vs GIFT?
ZIFT generally has a higher success rate, about 30–40%, because fertilisation is confirmed before transfer. GIFT has a slightly lower success rate of around 20–30%, as it depends on successful natural fertilisation inside the fallopian tube. Success rates may vary based on the woman’s age, health, and cause of infertility.
Recommended Video On 'Difference Between ZIFT And GIFT'
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
In ZIFT, the ovum is fertilized outside the body, and the resulting zygote is transferred into the fallopian tube where it can implant naturally.
Good candidates for GIFT are those women that have, at least one healthy fallopian tube and their partner has no significant issue in respect of sperm count and quality so that fertilization can occur through the normal process of fertilization.
In GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer), the eggs and sperm are both transferred directly into the woman's fallopian tube, so that fertilisation can happen naturally within the body. IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) is where the egg is fertilised outside the body in a laboratory and then implanted in the uterus as an embryo. GIFT takes one healthy fallopian tube as a minimum, while IVF does not.
In ZIFT, fertilization occurs in vitro (outside the body) before the zygote is transferred to the fallopian tube. In GIFT, fertilization occurs naturally within the fallopian tube after the gametes (eggs and sperm) are transferred.
A couple might choose GIFT if they prefer a more natural fertilization process or have religious or ethical concerns about in vitro fertilization. GIFT allows fertilization to occur within the body, which some couples find more appealing.
Laparoscopy is used in both ZIFT and GIFT to transfer the zygote or gametes directly into the fallopian tube. This minimally invasive surgical technique allows for precise placement and reduces the risk of complications.
In ZIFT, the zygote is expected to continue developing as it travels down the fallopian tube and implant in the uterus naturally. In GIFT, fertilization and early development occur in the fallopian tube before the embryo travels to the uterus for implantation.
The risk of multiple pregnancies is generally higher in GIFT compared to ZIFT. This is because GIFT involves transferring multiple eggs, while ZIFT transfers a single zygote. However, the risk in both procedures is still lower than in traditional IVF with multiple embryo transfer.
The egg retrieval process is similar for both procedures. However, in GIFT, eggs are immediately prepared for transfer along with sperm, while in ZIFT, eggs are fertilized in the laboratory before transfer.
Both ZIFT and GIFT require at least one healthy, unblocked fallopian tube for the procedure to be successful. If both fallopian tubes are damaged or blocked, traditional IVF would be recommended instead.
ZIFT and GIFT are less commonly used today due to their lower success rates compared to advanced IVF techniques, the need for laparoscopic surgery, and the development of more effective and less invasive assisted reproductive technologies.
Ethical considerations include the creation of multiple embryos, the potential for selective reduction in case of multiple pregnancies, and religious or personal beliefs about the manipulation of human gametes and embryos outside the body.
The main factors include the cause of infertility, the condition of the fallopian tubes, sperm quality, and the woman's age. Both procedures require at least one healthy fallopian tube and are often recommended for couples with unexplained infertility or mild male factor infertility.
No, ZIFT and GIFT are not suitable for all types of infertility. They are most effective for couples with unexplained infertility, mild male factor infertility, or certain types of female infertility. They are not recommended for severe male factor infertility or when both fallopian tubes are blocked.
Hormone treatments are used in both procedures to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. This increases the chances of successful fertilization and implantation. The hormone regimen is similar to that used in traditional IVF.
Yes, both ZIFT and GIFT can be performed using donor eggs or sperm. This might be necessary in cases of severe male or female factor infertility.
In ZIFT, the transfer occurs at the zygote stage, which is approximately 24 hours after fertilization. At this point, the fertilized egg has not yet begun to divide into multiple cells.
The main advantage of ZIFT over traditional IVF is that it allows for earlier transfer of the embryo to the fallopian tube, which is thought to provide a more natural environment for early embryo development compared to the uterus.
In ZIFT, early embryo development occurs in the fallopian tube, which is thought to provide a more natural environment. In traditional IVF, embryo development occurs in the laboratory for 3-5 days before transfer to the uterus.
In ZIFT, fertilization occurs before transfer, typically 24 hours prior. In GIFT, fertilization is expected to occur naturally within the fallopian tube after transfer, which may take several hours.
ZIFT is generally more expensive than GIFT because it involves an additional step of in vitro fertilization before transfer. However, both procedures are typically more costly than traditional IVF due to the need for laparoscopic surgery.
In a GIFT procedure, typically 2-5 eggs are transferred along with sperm into the fallopian tube. The exact number may vary based on factors such as the woman's age and fertility history.
Potential risks include infection, bleeding, damage to surrounding organs, and complications from anesthesia. There's also a small risk of ectopic pregnancy, as the zygote or gametes are placed directly in the fallopian tube.
Pregnancy can be confirmed about two weeks after the procedure using a blood test. However, it may take several more weeks to confirm a viable pregnancy through ultrasound.
While it's technically possible to perform genetic screening before ZIFT, it's not commonly done due to time constraints. The zygote is transferred within 24 hours of fertilization, which doesn't allow enough time for comprehensive genetic testing.
ZIFT mimics the natural fertilization process more closely than traditional IVF. In a natural cycle, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and the zygote begins its journey to the uterus about 24 hours later, which is similar to the timing in ZIFT.
ICSI can be used in conjunction with ZIFT to ensure fertilization before transfer, especially in cases of male factor infertility. ICSI is not typically used with GIFT since fertilization occurs naturally in the fallopian tube.
A typical cycle for both procedures involves 2-3 weeks of ovarian stimulation, followed by egg retrieval. In ZIFT, there's a 24-hour period for in vitro fertilization before transfer. The entire process, from start to pregnancy test, usually takes about 4-6 weeks.
In ZIFT, the zygote is transferred directly into the fallopian tube using laparoscopy. In traditional IVF, the embryo is transferred into the uterus through the cervix using a thin catheter, which is a less invasive procedure.
While it's technically possible to select the gender of the embryo in ZIFT, it's not commonly done due to ethical considerations and time constraints. Gender selection is not possible with GIFT as fertilization occurs naturally in the fallopian tube.
As with all fertility treatments, the success rates of ZIFT and GIFT decrease with increasing maternal age. This is primarily due to the decline in egg quality and quantity as women age.
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