Developmental Defects of the tongue

Microglossia
Macroglossia - introduction
Macroglossia- part 2 (Bonus: Cretenism is Congenital Hypohyroidism)
Macroglossia - part 3
Macroglossia - part 4 (Bonus: Acromegaly and Gigantism)
Lingual Thyroid Nodule
Quiz for Section 1

Developmental Defects of the Jaws

Micrognathia
Macrognathia
Hemi-facial Hypertrophy
Hemi-facial Atrophy
Craniofacial Dyostosis (Crouzen's Syndrome)
Cleido-Cranial Dysplasia (CCD)
Quiz for Section 2

Developmental Alterations in The Number of Teeth

Supernumerary Teeth
Quiz for Section 3

Developmental Alterations in The Shape of Teeth

Gemination
Concrescence
Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente)
Enamel Pearls
Cervical Enamel Extension

Developmental Alterations in The Structure of Teeth

Erosion
Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Hypomaturation and Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Genes Associated with Ameologenesis Imperfecta
Dentin Dysplasia
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

Environmental Alterations of Teeth

Turner's Hypoplasia
Intrinsic Staining- Ciprofloxacin

Inflammatory Diseases of Bone

Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket)
Focal Sclerosing (condensing) Osteitis
Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis
Osteochemonecrosis - Bisphosphonates
Bonus: Osteomyelitis

Metabolic Bone Conditions

Paget's Disease of Bone
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Osteopetrosis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions

Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
Florid Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
Fibrous Dysplasia
Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of the Jaws
Cherubism

Non-odontogenic Tumors of Bone

Osteoma
Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma
Hemangioma of Bone
Osteosarcoma
Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma
Multiple Myeloma
Bonus: Classification of Non-odontogenic Tumors of Bone

Diseases of Bone

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - part 1
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - part 2
Ewing's Sarcoma
Metastatic Tumors in the Jaws

Cysts of the Oral Region

Histiogenic Classification of Odontogenic Cysts

Odontogenic Cysts

Radicular Cyst
Eruption Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst + Differences between Dentigerous Cyst and Eruption Cyst
Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Glandular Odontogenic Cyst

Non-epithelial Primary Bone Cyst (pseudocysts)

Solitary Bone Cyst
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)

Odontogenic Tumors

Ameloblastoma - part 1
Ameloblastoma - part 2
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT)
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor (CEOT)
Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst/Tumor
Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
Ameloblastic Fibroma
Odontogenic Myxoma

Verrucal & Papillary Lesions

Squamous Papilloma
Condylomata lata
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
Pyostomatitis Vegetans
Verruciform Xanthoma
Verruca Vulgaris

Reactive Hyperplastic Fibrous Tissue Lesions

Giant Cell Fibroma
Epulis Fissuratum
Pyogenic Granuloma
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma

Neoplastic Fibrous Tissue Lesions

Fibrous Histiocytoma
Fibromatosis

Adipose Tissue Lesions

Lipoma

Neural Tissue Lesions

Neurilemoma
Neurofibroma
Neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen’s Disease)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy

Vascular Lesions

Cavernous Lymphangioma

Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Fibrosarcoma
Liposarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Kaposi's Sarcoma

Reactive Lymphoid Lesions

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia (ALHE)

Neoplastic Lymphoid Lesions

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Granulocytic Sarcoma (Extra Medullary Myeloid Tumor)
Quiz for Section 24

Benign Salivary Gland Tumors

Origins of Benign Salivary gland Tumors
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Warthin's Tumors
Quiz for Section 25

Oral Pigmented lesions -Syndrome Associated Pigmentation

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
McCune-Albright Syndrome
Drug-induced Pigmentation

Oral Pigmented lesions- Increased Number of Melanocytes

Oral Malignant Melanoma

Oral Pigmented Lesions - Red and Blue Lesions

Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia

Hereditary White Lesions

Leukoedema
White Sponge Nevus

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia |Infectious White Lesions

Oral Hairy Leukplakia is associated with Epstein-Barr virus
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia site: tongue-bilaterally
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Histology: Presence of koilocyte-like cells

Oral Lichen Planus | Immune Mediated White Lesions

Striated OLP presents with hyperkeratosis and hyperparakeratosis
OLP Histology: Band-like lymphocyte infiltration (mainly CD8 Cells)
OLP Histology: Civatte bodies, Basal Cell Layer Degeneration, Vaculative necrosi
OLP Histology: Saw-tooth Rete Ridges in Skin
OLP is associated with hepatitis C
OLP- Civatte Story wrap-up
OLP Occurs most commonly in older females
OLP has 4 clinical presentations
OLP- Wickham's Striae (skin lesions)

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Immune Mediated White Lesions

DLE is most common in middle-aged females.
DLE: Skin lesions on face and scalp
DLE causes hair loss
DLE: the oral sites most commonly affected
DLE: Oral clinical presentation
SLE: Skin - Butterfly rash
SLE: Affected oral sites

Oral Neoplasia and Pre-neoplasia

Premalignant/ potentially malignant Lesions

Premalignant Conditions

List of Premalignant Conditions
Conditions/Lesions Caused by Alcohol tobacco
Paterson-Kelly Syndrome: Cause and Feature

Leukoplakia | Premalignant Conditions

Leukoplakia diagnosis: by exclusion
Leukoplakia is associated with smoking
Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation - Gender
Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation- Location
Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation: Size
Presence of Candida Albicans increases risk of malignant transformation
Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation-1
Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation - 2
Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation - 3

Treatment of Oral Cancer - Radiation

Radiation dose- how many weeks + days/week + fractions/day.

Herpes Simplex Virus-1| Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

HSV-1: Route of infection is physical
HSV-1: Incubation period is 1-2 weeks
HSV-1: Primary infection: eruption of small vesicles
HSV-1: primary infection: Herpetic gingivostomatitis + affects any oral site
HSV-1: Primary infection: Symptoms last for 7-10 days
HSV-1: Virus remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion
Start HSV-1: Secondary infection: Vesicles rupture forming ulcers.
Start HSV-1: Secondary infection: Ulcers heal in 1-2 weeks

Herpes Simplex Virus-2 | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

HSV-2: Predilection to genital mucosa
HSV-2: remains latent in lambosacral ganglion
HSV-2: Histology: Inclusion bodies within keratinocytes.

Varicella-Zoster Virus | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

Primary Infection= Varicella= chicken pox.
VZV: Route of transmission: airborne, highly contagious.
VZV: incubation period: 2 weeks
Zoster: is an elderly disease
Zoster: follows a dermatomal distribution
Zoster: Ramsay Hunt Syndrome. (latency at cranial nerves VII and VIII)

Coxsackie Virus | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

manifestations are Herpangina, and “Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease"

Hand, Foot and, Mouth disease | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

HFM disease: affects children
Hand, Foot, and mouth disease: Caused by A16 coxsackie virus
HFM disease: Transmission: airborne and orofecal routes

Herpangina | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

Herpangina: Transmitted by saliva
Herpangina: affects children
Herpangina: Endemic and seasonal (summer and early autumn)
Herpangina: sites: faucial pillars and soft palate.

Measles |Viral Infection | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders

Measles: Belongs to paramyxovirus family
Measles: Airborne transmission
Measles: Seasonal (winter and spring).
Measles Virus prodromal symptoms
Measles Virus: Incubation period
Measles Virus: Koplik's spots

Pemphigus | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated

The Oral mucosa is mostly affected by 2 types of pemphigus
pemphigus: Reaction occurs at stratum spinosum level's desmosomes
pemphigus: Antibodies mainly IgG
Pemphigus: Antibodies become reactive to desmoglein 3
Pemphigus: Blister formation, no ulcers (Intra epithelial lesions)
Pemphigus: Possible genetic predisposition with certain MHC types..
Pemphigus lesions: First to show, last to go
Pemphigus: Positive Nikolsky's sign
Pemphigus: Histopathology: Tzanck cells (acantholytic cells)

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated

M.M. Pemphigoid: separation of the epithelium from the underlying CT
M.M Pemphigoid: Immunoglobulins (mainly IgG)
MM pemphigoid: reaction to mainly Laminin 5 and BP 180 proteins.
MM Pemphigoid: results in oral ulcers.
MM pemphigoid: Mostly affects adult females
MM Pemphigoid: Positive Nikolsky's Sign
MM Pemphigoid: Outcome: Eyes: Symblepharon, which can lead to blindness.

Bullous Pemphigoid | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated

Bullous Pemphigoid: Patients are 70-80 years
Bullous Pemphigoid: Antigen target is BP 230 and BP 180
Pemphigoid- General: Histopathology: Subepithelial clefting with no acantholysis