Correct Answer: Consolidation of landholdings

Solution : One effect of the East India Company's revenue policies on the rural economy was the consolidation of landholdings, as smaller farmers were often unable to meet the revenue demands and had to sell their land to larger landowners.

Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
 

Solution : The correct answer is a) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Horticulture does play a vital role in the export of agricultural products, and the reason for this is that it involves the cultivation of high-value crops that have a significant demand in the international market.

Horticultural crops include fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, and other specialty crops that are valued for their taste, appearance, fragrance, or medicinal properties. These crops often command higher prices in the international market compared to staple crops.

The cultivation of high-value horticultural crops provides opportunities for export as they cater to the demands of international consumers who seek diverse and exotic produce. Horticultural products are often perishable and require careful handling and transportation to maintain their quality and freshness. As a result, horticulture plays a crucial role in the export of agricultural products.

Many countries, particularly those with favorable climates and suitable growing conditions, have developed a strong horticulture sector to tap into the global market for fresh and processed horticultural produce. These exports contribute significantly to the economy by earning foreign exchange and generating income for farmers and rural communities.

Therefore, the assertion that horticulture plays a vital role in the export of agricultural products is true, and the reason that it involves the cultivation of high-value crops that have a significant demand in the international market is the correct explanation for this assertion.

Correct Answer: Operation Flood - Irrigation Development

Solution : The correct option is - Operation Flood - Irrigation Development.

Operation Flood, which was started in 1970,  assisted dairy farmers in taking ownership of the resources they make. Village milk producers' cooperatives, which purchase milk, offered inputs and services, and gave members access to management and technology, this formed the foundation of Operation Flood.The goals of Operation Flood included - Boost production of milk ("a flood of milk"),  to increase rural incomes and affordable costs for customers. 

Correct Answer: Enhancing rural economic development

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Enhancing rural economic development

By providing support to the cooperative society in the rural area, the government aims to enhance rural economic development. This support includes financing and training, which can contribute to the sustainability and prosperity of agricultural activities in the rural community. The goal is to strengthen the economic foundation of rural areas and improve the livelihoods of the residents.

Correct Answer: Agricultural Sector

Solution : The correct answer is the Agriculture sector.

The agriculture sector was the focus of the first five-year plan. This plan was launched in 1951 and was focused on the primary sector. This plan was based on the Harrod-Domar model with a few modifications. The plan promoted the idea of a self-reliant, closed economy. This plan was executed and monitored by the Planning Commission.

Correct Answer: For its insights into religious, social, and cultural life

Solution : The Bhakti-Sufi tradition is considered a rich source for understanding Indian history and culture because it provides insights into religious, social, and cultural life, including beliefs, practices, and values.

Correct Answer: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
  

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) launched by the Government of India. It aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices and climate-resilient farming systems to ensure food security and enhance the income of farmers while minimizing the impact on the environment.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is responsible for the implementation of various agricultural development programs and policies in India, including the NMSA. It formulates strategies, provides technical guidance, and allocates resources for the effective implementation of the mission.

Correct Answer: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

APEDA is an apex government body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. It is responsible for the promotion and development of export-oriented agricultural and processed food products. APEDA plays a crucial role in enhancing the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in the global market.

Some of the key functions of APEDA include:

1. Registration and regulation of exporters of agricultural and processed food products.

2. Promotion and development of export-oriented production and processing of agricultural commodities.

3. Quality control and certification of agricultural products for export.

4. Market research and analysis to identify export potential and opportunities.

5. Facilitating market access and trade promotion for agricultural products.

6. Providing financial assistance and incentives to exporters.

APEDA works closely with various stakeholders, including farmers, growers, processors, exporters, and industry associations, to facilitate the marketing and export of agricultural products from India. It aims to boost the export of agricultural commodities and enhance India's presence in the global market.

Correct Answer: National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
   

Solution : The correct answer is (b) National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC).

The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) is responsible for the promotion and development of agricultural marketing cooperatives in India. It provides financial assistance and support to various cooperatives, including agricultural marketing cooperatives, to enhance their capabilities and promote their growth.

NCDC offers financial resources, technical assistance, training, and other support services to cooperatives involved in agricultural marketing activities. It aims to strengthen the cooperative movement in India and contribute to the overall development of the agricultural sector.

Correct Answer: Promote self-reliance and economic sovereignty  
 

Solution : The focus on heavy industries during planned industrialization in India was intended to promote self-reliance and economic sovereignty by developing a strong industrial base that could support other sectors of the economy.