Hello Student ,

Important points about tropical evergreen rain forest :

• These are found in equitorial and subequitorial warmth and heavy rainfall
• They show maximum biodiversity , one hector may contain upto  200 types of trees.
• Productivity of these forests is about 12000k.cal/m²/year
• These are found in congo basin of Africa, Amazon Basin of South America .
• In India these are found in Western Ghats, Andaman Nicobar Island, Assam
• Vegetation found is Mahogong , Ebony , Rubber Tree, Cinnamon
• Mosses, Lichens, ferns, orchids and Lianas are abundant

Hello,

The reasons for high diversity in Tropical regions are :

• These regions receive more sunlight than any other regions, this helps in more productivity.
• These regions have less distortions or variations in seasons and have a nearly constant environment.

Best Wishes.

Hello Student,

Pachytene stage is a part of Prophase I of Meiosis I.

Features of Pachytene Stage in Cell Divison are as follows :

• It is the longest stage of Prophase I
• Bivalents are more clearly visible
• Recombination starts between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
• Crossing over is mediated in this phase by recombinase enzyme
• Recombination nodules appear at crossing over sites
• Recombination is complete is this phase

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Hello Aspirant,

The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria and archaea.[1] It extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins in the various organisms.

In eukaryotes, it is composed of three main components -

1. Microfilaments

2. Intermediate filaments

3.Microtubules

These are all capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell's requirements

Microfilaments

Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein. Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is responsible for muscle contraction. Microfilaments can also carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis.

Microtubules

Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20-25 nm in diameter. They are composed of subunits of the protein tubulin--these subunits are termed alpha and beta. Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and vesicles to move on. Microtubules also form the spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis. When arranged in geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used for locomotion.

Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments are about 10 nm diameter and provide tensile strength for the cell.

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GOOD LUCK!

Hi Tamoghna,

Inhibition of specific enzymes by drugs are useful for medicine.Mechanism of enzyme is an important part to study. There are four types of enzyme inhibition – competitive, non- competitive, uncompetitive, and suicide. Of these, the first three types are reversible and the last one is irreversible.

Feel free to ask doubts in the Comment Section.

I hope this information helps you.

Good Luck!

Hello Aspirant,

Lysosomes are subcellular organelle that is found in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic cell. Lysosomes hold enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies.

A lysosome is basically a specialized vesicle that holds a variety of enzymes. The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed. Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles.

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Hello Roflguy,

Pancreas divisum is a common congenital anomaly (an anomaly that is present at birth) of the pancreatic duct(s).

The pancreas is a deep-seated organ located behind the stomach.

One of its functions is to produce enzymes that are important for the digestion of food in the intestine.

The digestive enzymes, in the form of digestive juice, drain from the pancreas via the pancreatic duct into the duodenum (the uppermost portion of the small intestine) where they aid in digesting food.

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Hello Roflguy,

Traction epiphysis

The regions of the long bone which are non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint formation. Unlike pressure epiphyses, these regions do not assist in weight transmission. However, their proximity to the pressure epiphysis region means that the supporting ligaments and tendons attach to these areas of the bone. Traction epiphyses ossify later than pressure epiphyses. Examples of traction epiphyses are tubercles of the humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle), and trochanters of the femur (greater and lesser)

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Hello Roflguy,

Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side.

BSS may be caused by a spinal cord tumor, trauma (such as a puncture wound to the neck or back), ischemia (obstruction of a blood vessel), or infectious or inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis.

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Hello Roflguy,

The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems form, and develop during prenatal development, and continue to develop postnatally.

Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.

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