Correct Answer: Charles Darwin

Solution : The correct answer is Charles Darwin.

Charles Robert Darwin, an English naturalist, proposed Darwinism as an evolutionary hypothesis. He considered evolution to be a progressive, rather than a rapid, biological occurrence.

His theory was founded on several facts, observations, and inferences. They are as follows:

1) overproduction

2) Population consistency

3) battle for existence

4) natural selection.

Correct Answer: Scientific decisions

Solution : Decisions based on management principles tend to be more realistic and free from personal bias. Principles of management has been developed after repeated experimentation.

Hence, Option D is correct.

Hello student,

An evolution never takes place from a single organism, but takes place due to populations because there are plenty of chances of genetic recombinations. Evolution is defined as change in the heritable characteristics of a biological population which is carried from generation to generation and evolution also creates variation.

Hope you found it helpful!!

Hello,

Democracy has been defined government, of the people, by the people and for the people.

India after independence scraped the Zamindari system and mixed petty Indian states into part B states promising acquainted purses to rulers and later on these privy pusses were also scraped, as these were considered uneconomic and hindrance for development.

Thank you.

Hello student ,

Marketing concept can be defined as “a strategy that companies can use to satisfy the needs of their customers, increase profits, and beat the competition”.Marketing concept is the way of life in which all the resources of an organisation are mobilized to create, stimulate and satisfy the consumer at a profit. It represents a distinct philosophy of business and considers marketing more than a physical process.

You can divide marketing concepts into five different parts. These are:

1. Production concept
2. Product concept
3. Selling concept
4. Marketing concept
5. Societal concept

The evolution of these started from a very simple idea of what customer wants and how they satisfy needs by means of product.It constantly stresses on the needs of the buyers. It focuses on the customer.Companies start by making products more efficiently from the competitors to make a place stronger in market.

Evolution does not always lead to more advanced species. Evolution is simply a description of the way change occurs in biological creatures over many generations in order to better exploit a certain environment. Evolution sometimes leads to progress, but it sometimes leads in the opposite direction. For instance, the Texas blind salamander has lost his eyes after many generations of evolution due to the uselessness of eyes in the dark caves where he dwells. As reported by biologist David M. Hillis, these salamanders have successfully adapted to their environment by loosing their eyes. But going blind does not seem to be much in the way of progress from a global perspective.

Natural evolution did not create a chicken that lays so many unfertilized eggs. Human engineering created such chickens. You could call the process "human-caused evolution", "artificial selection", or "selective breeding". The evolutionary principles of survival of the fittest and inheritance of genetic traits still apply in artificial selection, but the agent that determines who is the fittest is a human and not a natural environmental pressure. In selective breeding, humans choose only the individuals of a species that have desirable traits to use as parents for the next generation. After several generations of selective breeding, the organism gains more and more of the desired trait. It's not that the humans are training or teaching the organism to have the desired trait. Rather, genetic mutations cause the next generation of individuals to have a variety of new traits (the "new traits" are typically very small modifications when looking at just a single generation). Most of the mutation-caused traits are undesirable or irrelevant. But the few organisms with desirable traits are selected and used to create the next generation.

Ostriches never hide their head in the sand, especially not when approached by an enemy. In fact, ostriches can become quite aggressive when threatened. According to the book "Flightless Birds" by Clive Roots, ostriches respond to predators by either running away or attacking. Ostriches have very powerful legs and have been known to kill people with a slashing kick. When fleeing danger, ostriches can reach 50 mph and can sustain a speed of 30 mph for a half hour. This myth perhaps comes from the fact that ostriches have long necks and small heads so that when they are bending over to swallow sand, it looks like their head is buried. But harboring the notion that ostriches are dumb and harmless can be a deadly mistake for humans to make.

Dear aspirant

This two chapters are most important topics from class 12th also one of most important topics which examiner likes to ask. Minium of 12-13 questions will come from these two topics which can provide you 40-50 marks. So you shouldn't leave this portion and try to be strong enough in this topic.

You can check Chapterwise weightage for different topics of all three subject from the link below

https://www.google.com/amp/s/medicine.careers360.com/articles/neet-chapter-wise-weightage-and-important-topics/amp

Hope it was helpful

All the best

Hello,

* All the companies have different perception and orientation towards the business and the marketplace. They follow different philosophies of marketing. The Marketing concepts are classified into five types:

1. Production concept
2. Product concept
3. Selling concept
4. Marketing concept
5. Societal concept

1) Production Concept

• It emerged during the initial stages of industrial revolution. As per this concept producers believe that customers will buy a product that is inexpensive and available easily and widely. So managers aimed at high production efficiency with low cost and making the product easily available to the customers by mass distribution efforts.

2) Product Concept

• This concept is different from the production concept where instead of high production and low cost, emphasis is on product attributes. In this concept producers believe that customers will buy the products which have best features and attributes like quality, appearance etc. So they stress more on improving the product, modifying it and adding innovative features.

3) Selling Concept

• In this concept producers believe that a customer will buy a product only if aggressive selling and promotion is done for the product Main aim is to maximize the sales volume by aggressive selling efforts. Limitation to this concept is that producers first produce a product and then decide to sell it without identifying what customers want Producers are product-centered ignoring the needs of the buyers. It focuses on the needs of the sellers and aim to earn profits through sales volume. Seller is considered to be the king and customer is viewed as the last link in business.

4) Marketing Concept

• This concept emphasizes on understanding what customer wants and satisfying their needs by means of the product. It constantly stresses on the needs of the buyers. It focuses on the customer and not just on the product Customer is considered to be the king. Companies start from target market, focus on customer’s needs and by means of the integrated marketing earn profit through customer satisfaction more efficiently than their competitors.

5) Societal Concept

• It aims to produce a product in such a way that preserves the society’s well-being. The concept is based on the societal welfare. Companies should not forget the social and the ethical issues in the process of marketing. It emphasizes on efficient utilization of resources, societal welfare and environmental concerns. Consumers are likely to favor organizations which are concerned with meeting their wants, long-run interests, and society’s long-run interests. The organization’s task is to serve target markets in a way that it not only satisfies the wants but also meets long-run individual and social requirements as the key to attract and hold customers.

* Process of Evolution :

• The origin of marketing management dates back to the prehistoric period when the barter system emerged. It was not possible for everyone to produce everything they needed so they eventually started the barter system. In this, two parties exchange the physical products that carry value On mutual agreement. The emergence of barter system led to the growth of modern day marketing.
• During the late 80s in the initial stages of Industrial revolution, there was no competition and producers were able to sell whatever they produced. There was no competition in the market and customers had to purchase the products that were available in the market.
• They believed in production concept which means consumer prefers inexpensive and widely available products, so major emphasis was on high production efficiency. But as more companies came in, producers were unable to sell whatever they produced and product concept emerged where companies started to improve their product features.
• Later in 1920s selling concept came into being, where producers believe in aggressive selling and promotion o fa product or service to create customers. And as the competition increased producers started realizing the value of customers and customer satisfaction. Companies started analyzing what customer need or want and the main idea was to satisfy customers and maximize profits; this led to the emergence of marketing concept.
• Back in 1909 Henry Ford's said a famous quote about the “Model T” was, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants, so long as it is black.
• "The Ford unicolor “Model T” only came in black because the production line required compromise so that efficiency and improved quality could be achieved and multiple colors Means, more costs, more staff, more equipment, results a more complicated process.
• In 1906 US. overcame all Europe and produced 58000 Car comparing to 314 cars in 1902 and Ford ambitions was to produce a car priced at 1000$ comparing to 4000$ the average car price at this time.

* Post Covid-19 society :

• Post Covid-19 Period, The world will be more Nationalized rather than globalized and more computerized and social distances will remain for some good time and that would create a lot of new concept like the remote working and more online services which will could lead to a new kind of Marketing and new innovative ideas which could reshape the old concept of marketing in the near future also the Companies Credibility, Social responsibility and customer loyalty will be a very important key of success in the next era.

* Hope this information helps !!