Question : Assertion: Effective management involves a top-down approach, where decisions flow from top-level management to lower levels.
Reason: Top-level managers have the most experience and knowledge to make crucial decisions.
Option 1: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
Option 2: Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
Option 3: The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Option 4: The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Option 5: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
Solution : The correct answer is (b) Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
The assertion that "Effective management involves a top-down approach, where decisions flow from top-level management to lower levels" is not entirely correct. Effective management can involve a variety of decision-making approaches, including top-down, bottom-up, and collaborative decision-making, depending on the organization's culture, structure, and the nature of the decision.
The reason provided, "Top-level managers have the most experience and knowledge to make crucial decisions," is also not entirely correct. While top-level managers may have more experience, they do not always have the most knowledge about specific operational issues or areas. Decisions often benefit from input from individuals at different levels of the organization who have specialized expertise.
Question : Assertion: Lower-level management has limited decision-making authority.
Reason: They implement the decisions made by top management and follow specific guidelines.
Question : Assertion: Middle-level management acts as a bridge between top management and lower-level employees.
Reason: They communicate organizational goals to lower-level employees and provide feedback to top management.
Question : Assertion: The management process involves dealing with uncertainties and risks.
Reason: Managers need to make decisions based on incomplete information.
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