KEAM Exam 2025 - Counselling (Started), Rank List, Marks Entry, Result, Answer Key, Cutoff

Physics: Unit 01

• Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; physics, technology, and society
• Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures
• Need for measurement: Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

Physics: Unit 02

• Frame of reference, motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and nonuniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity
• Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion
• Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity
• Unit Vectors
• Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components
• Scalar and vector products of vectors
• Motion in a plane
• Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 03

• Intuitive concept of force
• Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Physics: Unit 04

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power
• Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces
• Motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimension

Physics: Unit 05

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion
• Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod, circular ring, disc, and sphere
• Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration
• Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation)
• Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications

Physics: Unit 06

• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential
• Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geostationary satellites

Physics: Unit 07

• Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy
• Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes)
• Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, Reynold's number, streamline and turbulent flow
• Critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
• Anomalous expansion
• Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv-calorimetry; change of state-latent heat
• Heat transfer-conduction and thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation
• Qualitative ideas of black body radiation, Wien's displacement law, and green house effect
• Newton's law of cooling and Stefan's law

Physics: Unit 08

• Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics)
• Heat, work, and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and adiabatic processes
• Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engines and refrigerators

Physics: Unit 09

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure
• Avogadro's number
• Kinetic energy and temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path

Physics: Unit 10

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced, and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats
• Doppler effect

Physics: Unit 11

• Electric charges and their conservation
• Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
• Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor
• Van De Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 12

• Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear), electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Carbon resistors colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff 's laws and simple applications
• Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Physics: Unit 13

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment
• Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors, definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• Magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Para-, dia-, and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples
• Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
• Permanent magnets

Physics: Unit 14

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current
• AC generator and transformer

Physics: Unit 15

• Need for displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only)
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses

Physics: Unit 16

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula
• Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker's formula
• Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror
• Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
• Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle. Interference
• Wave optics: Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
• Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and polaroids

Physics: Unit 17

• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation
• Davisson-Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 18

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones
• Radioactivity-alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission and fusion

Physics: Unit 19

• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier, transistor as a switch (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR)

Physics: Unit 20

• Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV, and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation
• Need for modulation
• Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01

• General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry
• Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms, and molecules
• Atomic and molecular masses
• Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Discovery of electron, proton, and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars
• Thompson's model and its limitations, Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, De Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms
• Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table
• Periodic trends in properties of elements-atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence
• Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory
• Concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only)
• Hydrogen bond

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour
• Empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation
• Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature
• Liquid state-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)
• Solid state-classification of solids based on different binding forces: Molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
• Solid state-calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals ,conductors
• Solid state-semiconductors and insulators, and n and p type semiconductors

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions
• First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation
• Enthalpy of: Bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution
• Introduction of entropy as a state function, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium
• Third law of thermodynamics-brief introduction

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes
• Degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers, applications of redox reactions
• Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
• Lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point
• Osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction
• Rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis: Homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: Enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions
• Lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions-types of emulsions

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water
• Hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use, and structure; hydrogen as a fuel
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: CaO, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 13

• General Introduction to p-block elements
• Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron- physical and chemical properties
• Group 13 elements: Some important compounds-borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: Uses, reactions with acids and alkalis
• Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element
• Group 14 elements: Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: Oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: Silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses
• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen-preparation, properties and uses
• Group 15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen: Preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms
• Group 15 elements: Compounds of phosphorous-preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: Preparation, properties, and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur-allotropic forms
• Group 16 elements: Compounds of sulphur-preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: Industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: Preparation, properties, and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid
• Group 17 elements: Interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only)
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour
• Catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation and Properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
• Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction, and its consequences
• Actinoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthenoids

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner's theory VBT,CFT
• Coordination compounds: Isomerism (structural and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Principles and methods of extraction-concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Classification of Hydrocarbons
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes-nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes-chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes-nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of-hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; benzene: Resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution-nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides-will be mentioned at relevant places in context
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Carbohydrates-classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): Importance
• Proteins-elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes
• Hormones-elementary idea (excluding structure)
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Classification-natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization
• Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber
• Biodegradable and non-Biodegradable polymers

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines
• Chemicals in food-preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants
• Cleansing agents-soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Environmental pollution-air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants
• Acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes
• Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution; strategy for control of environmental pollution

Chemistry: Unit 01

• General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry
• Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms, and molecules
• Atomic and molecular masses
• Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Discovery of electron, proton, and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars
• Thompson's model and its limitations, Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, De Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms
• Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table
• Periodic trends in properties of elements-atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence
• Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory
• Concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only)
• Hydrogen bond

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour
• Empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation
• Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature
• Liquid state-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)
• Solid state-classification of solids based on different binding forces: Molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
• Solid state-calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals ,conductors
• Solid state-semiconductors and insulators, and n and p type semiconductors

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions
• First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation
• Enthalpy of: Bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution
• Introduction of entropy as a state function, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium
• Third law of thermodynamics-brief introduction

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes
• Degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers, applications of redox reactions
• Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
• Lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point
• Osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction
• Rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis: Homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: Enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions
• Lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions-types of emulsions

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water
• Hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use, and structure; hydrogen as a fuel
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: CaO, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 13

• General Introduction to p-block elements
• Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron- physical and chemical properties
• Group 13 elements: Some important compounds-borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: Uses, reactions with acids and alkalis
• Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element
• Group 14 elements: Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: Oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: Silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses
• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen-preparation, properties and uses
• Group 15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen: Preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms
• Group 15 elements: Compounds of phosphorous-preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: Preparation, properties, and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur-allotropic forms
• Group 16 elements: Compounds of sulphur-preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: Industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: Preparation, properties, and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid
• Group 17 elements: Interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only)
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour
• Catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation and Properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
• Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction, and its consequences
• Actinoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthenoids

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner's theory VBT,CFT
• Coordination compounds: Isomerism (structural and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Principles and methods of extraction-concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Classification of Hydrocarbons
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes-nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes-chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes-nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of-hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; benzene: Resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution-nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides-will be mentioned at relevant places in context
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Carbohydrates-classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): Importance
• Proteins-elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes
• Hormones-elementary idea (excluding structure)
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Classification-natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization
• Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber
• Biodegradable and non-Biodegradable polymers

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines
• Chemicals in food-preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants
• Cleansing agents-soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Environmental pollution-air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants
• Acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes
• Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution; strategy for control of environmental pollution