Correct Answer: Initiative

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Initiative.

Initiative is a management principle that encourages employees to actively seek opportunities for improvement, propose innovative ideas, and take ownership of their work. Organizations that value and foster initiative often see increased employee engagement, creativity, and a proactive approach to problem-solving.

Correct Answer: Ownership without dilution
 

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Ownership without dilution

Equity shares represent ownership in the company, allowing shareholders to have a stake in the business without the obligation of fixed dividend payments. By issuing equity shares, UVW Industries can raise capital and fund its operations without taking on debt. Additionally, it does not have the obligation to make fixed interest or dividend payments, providing greater financial flexibility. However, it's important to note that issuing equity shares may dilute the ownership stake of existing shareholders, but it does not involve a fixed payment obligation as with debt instruments like debentures.

Correct Answer: Social movements

Solution : The rise of OBCs in North Indian politics has been attributed to social movements that advocated for their rights and representation, leading to increased political mobilization.

Correct Answer: Debentures pay fixed dividends
   

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Debentures pay fixed interest

Debentures pay fixed interest to the debenture holders, as they are a form of debt and represent a loan from the debenture holder to the issuing company. In contrast, equity shares represent ownership in the company and do not guarantee fixed dividend payments; the dividends paid to equity shareholders are typically based on the company's profitability and decisions made by the board of directors.

Correct Answer: Ownership in the company

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Ownership in the company

Equity shares represent ownership or equity ownership in a company. Shareholders who hold equity shares have ownership rights in the company, which typically includes voting rights, the right to share in the company's profits (through dividends), and the right to participate in decision-making processes related to the company's operations and policies. Unlike debt securities (e.g., debentures), equity shares do not guarantee fixed dividend payments or redemption; instead, the dividend payments to equity shareholders are variable and based on the company's profitability and the decisions of the board of directors.

Correct Answer: Ownership in the company
 

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Ownership in the company

Equity shares represent ownership in a company, conferring the shareholder with ownership rights and an ownership stake in the company. Equity shareholders have a claim on the company's assets and earnings and typically have voting rights, allowing them to participate in key decisions and the governance of the company. Unlike debt instruments such as debentures, equity shares do not entail fixed dividend payments or guaranteed redemption. Instead, dividends to equity shareholders are subject to profitability and the decisions of the company's board of directors.

Correct Answer: Land reforms 
 

Solution : In post-independent India, equity in agriculture called for land reforms which primarily refer to change in the ownership of landholdings. Land reform refers to institutional measures directed towards altering the existing pattern of ownership, tenancy and management of land.
Hence option A is correct.

Correct Answer: Debentures provide ownership rights
 

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Debentures provide ownership rights

Debentures represent a form of debt where the holders (debenture holders) are creditors to the company and do not possess ownership rights in the company. They are entitled to receive a fixed rate of interest and the repayment of the principal amount at maturity.

On the other hand, equity shares represent ownership in the company and provide shareholders with ownership rights, including voting rights and the right to share in the company's profits (through dividends). Unlike debentures, equity shares do not involve fixed interest payments or repayment at maturity.

Correct Answer: Assertion is true, but the reason is false.

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.

The assertion is true. Equity shareholders indeed have ownership rights in a company, which means they have a claim on the company's assets and earnings. However, their voting power can be limited depending on the company's structure and the number of shares they hold.

The reason is false. Unlike preferred shareholders who are typically entitled to receive fixed dividends, equity shareholders (common shareholders) do not have a guaranteed or fixed dividend. Dividends for equity shareholders are decided by the company's board of directors and are subject to the company's profitability and dividend policy.

Correct Answer: Transferring ownership of shares
 

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Transferring ownership of shares

The primary purpose of the settlement process in trading is to facilitate the transfer of ownership of shares from the seller to the buyer. Once a trade order is executed, the settlement process ensures that the ownership rights and responsibilities related to the shares are transferred from the selling party to the buying party in a secure and regulated manner. This transfer of ownership is a crucial step in completing the trade and is essential for maintaining transparency and fairness in the securities market.