Correct Answer: Agricultural activities

Solution : Correct Option: Option 2
Explanation: A common feature of villages in the rural-urban continuum is agricultural activities, as they are typically the main source of livelihood in rural areas.

Correct Answer: National Sample Survey Organisation

Solution : The correct answer is the National Sample Survey Organisation.

The National Sample Survey Organisation's consumer expenditure surveys serve as the basis for measuring poverty. A household is considered impoverished if its expenditures fall below a designated poverty threshold. The Indian government's primary institution for estimating poverty was the former Planning Commission.

Correct Answer: across

Solution : The correct choice is the second option.

The word across in this context specifies the direction of the locust swarms' movement. It means they move horizontally, covering different areas.

The phrase across areas implies a widespread and expansive movement, indicating that the locust swarms are not confined to a specific region but are traversing various places, causing damage to crops as they go.

Therefore, the right word to fill in the blank is across.

Correct Answer: Inadequate legal and administrative support  

Solution : One of the main challenges in implementing land reforms in India was inadequate legal and administrative support, which hindered the effective enforcement and execution of land reform policies, leading to delays and inefficiencies.

Correct Answer: A model focused on industrialization

Solution : The correct answer is (b) A model focused on industrialization

The term 'Nehruvian Model of Development' refers to a model focused on industrialization. The Nehruvian Model of Development was based on the vision of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who emphasized the importance of industrialization as a means to achieve economic growth and self-reliance. Nehru believed that a strong industrial base was necessary for India's progress and sought to promote heavy industries, public sector enterprises, and a planned economy. The model included the establishment of large-scale industries, infrastructure development, and investment in science and technology. It aimed to transform India from an agrarian economy to an industrialized nation.

Correct Answer: Increased the vulnerability of small farmers  

Solution : A criticism of the Green Revolution is that it increased the vulnerability of small farmers by favoring large landholders who could afford the new technology, leading to greater disparities in rural areas.  

Correct Answer: five years

Solution : The correct option is five years.

The agricultural census in India is conducted at an interval of five years. This census provides comprehensive and detailed information on various aspects of agriculture, including land use, cropping patterns, irrigation and livestock, among others. The data collected during the agricultural census is crucial for policy formulation, planning and the overall development of the agricultural sector in the country.

Correct Answer: It hindered long-term economic planning.

Solution : A major criticism of the suspension of Five-year Plans in India was that it hindered long-term economic planning, disrupting the systematic approach to development that the plans aimed to provide.

Correct Answer: Export-led growth

Solution : Export-led growth has been a major factor in the expansion of China's economy in the post-Mao era, with the country becoming one of the world's largest exporters.

Correct Answer: If both I and II follow

Solution : Given:
Statement:
Extensive use of pesticides in agricultural production contaminates soil and water, remains in the crops, and finally enters the food chain, thereby posing a threat to human beings.

Inferences:
I. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural production is not good for people – From the given statement, it is evident that extensive use of pesticides in agricultural production when entering the food chain, poses a threat to human beings. Pesticides in the food chain will directly harm the health of people.
II. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural production can have a bad effect on water – From the given statement, it is evident that extensive use of pesticides in agricultural production when used in the soil will also contaminate the groundwater which people use for drinking purposes.

So, both I and II follow. Hence, the fourth option is correct.