Correct Answer: Agricultural produce and commodities

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Agricultural produce and commodities.

NAFED is a cooperative organization established with the objective of promoting agricultural marketing and cooperative processing of agricultural produce. It plays a crucial role in the procurement, marketing, and distribution of various agricultural commodities produced by farmers.

The key activities of NAFED include:

1. Procurement: NAFED procures agricultural produce such as grains, oilseeds, pulses, spices, fruits, and vegetables directly from farmers and cooperative societies.

2. Storage and Warehousing: NAFED provides storage and warehousing facilities for the agricultural produce procured, ensuring proper preservation and quality maintenance.

3. Marketing: NAFED undertakes the marketing of agricultural commodities by selling them in domestic and international markets. It ensures fair prices for farmers and provides market access for their produce.

4. Price Stabilization: NAFED works towards stabilizing the prices of agricultural commodities by undertaking market intervention measures such as buffer stocking and supply management.

5. Export Promotion: NAFED facilitates the export of agricultural commodities by coordinating with exporters, providing quality certification, and ensuring adherence to international standards.

NAFED acts as a platform that connects farmers with markets and aims to protect their interests by providing them with fair prices and market access for their produce. It plays a significant role in the marketing and distribution of agricultural commodities in India.

Correct Answer: Balancing agricultural productivity with environmental sustainability

Solution : A significant challenge facing the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy is balancing agricultural productivity with environmental sustainability, as the EU seeks to support farming practices that are both economically viable and ecologically responsible.

Correct Answer: Lack of political will  
 

Solution : Lack of political will was a major challenge faced during the implementation of land reforms in India, as there was resistance from various groups with vested interests in maintaining the status quo.  

Correct Answer: social, economic, and political
 

Solution : The three dimensions of rural development are as follows:
A: Social
B: Economical
C: Political
Hence option d is the correct answer

Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Climate change adaptation refers to the adjustments and responses made to address the challenges and effects of climate change. It involves implementing strategies and actions that help societies and ecosystems cope with the changing climate conditions and reduce their vulnerability to its impacts. The goal is to build resilience and adapt to the changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and other climate-related factors.

The reason provided correctly explains some of the measures involved in climate change adaptation. These measures include disaster preparedness, infrastructure upgrades, and agricultural adaptation. Disaster preparedness involves developing early warning systems, emergency response plans, and resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of climate-related disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and heatwaves. Infrastructure upgrades may include improving the resilience of buildings, transportation systems, and critical infrastructure to withstand climate-related risks. Agricultural adaptation focuses on implementing practices and technologies that help farmers and agricultural systems adapt to changing climate conditions, such as adopting drought-resistant crops or modifying irrigation techniques.

Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason provides the correct explanation for the assertion.

Correct Answer: Tobacco and tobacco products

Solution : The correct option is Petroleum products.

In India, petroleum products are subject to both the goods and services tax and the government excise levy. 20% of the cost of fuel and 17.6% of the cost of diesel is the central excise charge. For petrol, the national government charges an excise duty of Rs 32.9 per litre, while for diesel, it is Rs 31.8 per litre. These levies make up around half of the retail price of gasoline and diesel. The sale and manufacture of petroleum products are subject to state and federal taxes, respectively.

Correct Answer: ACBD

Solution : The correct choice is the first option.

The paragraph starts with sentence A, which introduces the problem of residents in Ryde dealing with a foul odour from rotting seaweed, followed by sentence C, which explains that the warm weather has intensified the smell to the point of making people feel sick, followed by sentence B, which describes the action taken to address the issue, and lastly, sentence D, which concludes by providing information about the disposal of the seaweed.

Therefore, the correct answer is ACBD.

Correct Answer: Increasing the production of food grains  
 

Solution : The Green Revolution in India primarily focused on increasing the production of food grains, particularly wheat and rice, through the use of high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation.  

Correct Answer: The disparity in access to healthcare and education

Solution : Correct Option: Option 2
Explanation: The rural-urban divide in India is characterized by disparities in access to healthcare, education, and other basic services.

Correct Answer: Providing legal aid to political detainees

Solution : During the Crisis of the Constitutional Order, civil liberties organizations were crucial in providing legal aid to political detainees, as they worked to defend those arrested and detained under the Emergency's repressive measures.